Cos'è la disfagia

Il fisiologico atto che ci permette di portare la saliva, i liquidi, i solidi, le sostanze miste, dalla cavità orale allo stomaco prende il nome di “deglutizione” mentre la sua alterazione assume il nome di “disfagia”. La deglutizione è un atto sensorimotorio, neuromuscolare, altamente integrato e finemente regolato da centri nervosi corticali (sopranucleari) e del tronco cerebrale (centri sottonucleari); inoltre interagisce direttamente con il centro del respiro.

La disfagia di per sé rappresenta il sintomo di una patologia localizzata o sistemica dove gli effettori della deglutizione possono essere coinvolti in vario modo.

Essa viene comunemente distinta in base alla funzione compromessa e quindi classificata in disfagia orofaringea (disfagia alta, p.e. secondaria a problematiche nervose centrali o periferiche, croniche o acute, miopatia, malattie metaboliche, iatrogene, infettive, post-chirurgiche, etc…) e disfagia esofagea (disfagia bassa, p.e. secondaria a cause meccaniche intrinseche od estrinseche, cause neuromuscolari, iatrogene, post-chirurgiche, etc…). I dati epidemiologici stimano che una disfagia interessa il 13-14% dei degenti in reparti per acuti, il 30-35% degli ospiti in centri di riabilitazione e il 40-50% in strutture di lungodegenza (1-3). 

Secondo i dati dell’Agency of Health Care Policy and Research il 75% degli utenti ospedalizzati per stroke acuto lamentano disfagia che nel 91% dei casi può persistere a tre mesi dall’episodio acuto. Il 43-54% di questa popolazione presenta inalazione che si complica nel 40% dei casi con broncopolmoniti. Il 4-15% di questi soggetti muore a medio e lungo termine per complicanze respiratorie (4).

In questa breve relazione presenteremo le principali nuove metodiche strumentali che possono affiancare l’operatore sanitario nel trattamento riabilitativo della disfagia e, poiché le maggiori evidenze scientifiche si fondano sul trattamento delle disfagie postictali, parleremo brevemente anche della neuroplasticità deglutitoria.

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